Nearly 10 years have passed since cyberspace was recognized as the fifth strategy area. Meanwhile, cybercrime, cyber espionage, and cyber-attack techniques have evolved and become more sophisticated. State actors and non-state actors are complicated, and attribution is not easy.

The outline of the new defence plan in Japan, which was decided by the Cabinet in December 2018, was to aim for the construction of multi-dimensional integrated defence capability corresponding to multi-domain operations. In this session, we will focus on the national actors and examine the measures to be taken by national defence authorities and intelligence agencies.